what happened to the apostles after jesus died

Primary disciples of Jesus

In Christian theology and ecclesiology, the apostles, particularly the Twelve Apostles (also known every bit the Twelve Disciples or simply the Twelve), were the primary disciples of Jesus according to the New Testament. During the life and ministry of Jesus in the 1st century AD, the apostles were his closest followers and became the primary teachers of the gospel message of Jesus.^[one] There is as well an Eastern Christian tradition derived from the Gospel of Luke of there having been as many as seventy apostles during the time of Jesus' ministry.

The commissioning of the Twelve Apostles during the ministry of Jesus is described in the Synoptic Gospels. After his resurrection, Jesus sent eleven of them (as Judas Iscariot by and so had died) by the Bang-up Commission to spread his teachings to all nations. This issue has been called the dispersion of the Apostles.

In the Pauline epistles, Paul, although non one of the original twelve, described himself every bit an apostle,^[2] maxim he was called by the resurrected Jesus himself during his route to Damascus issue. He later describes himself equally "an apostle to the Gentiles".^[three] In the Book of Acts he and Barnabas were allotted the roles of apostle in the church.^[4]

The period of early on Christianity during the lifetimes of the apostles is called the Apostolic Age.^[5] During the first century AD, the apostles established churches throughout the territories of the Roman Empire and, according to tradition, through the Middle East, Africa, and India. Of the tombs of the apostles, all but two are claimed past bounds of the Cosmic Church, half of them located in the Diocese of Rome.^{[ citation needed ]}

Etymology [edit]

The Synaxis of the Twelve Apostles. Russian, 14th century, Moscow Museum.

The term apostle comes from the Greek apóstolos ( ἀπόστολος ) – formed from the prefix apó- ( ἀπό- , 'from') and root stéllō ( στέλλω , 'I send, I depart') – originally meaning 'messenger, envoy'. It has, still, a stronger sense than the give-and-take messenger, and is closer to a 'delegate'.^[vi]

Biblical narratives [edit]

Mark 6:7–xiii states that Jesus initially sent out these twelve in pairs (cf. Mt x:v–42, Lk 9:1–half dozen) to towns in Galilee. The text states that their initial instructions were to heal the sick and drive out demons.^[6] They are also instructed to "take nothing for their journey, except a staff only: no bread, no wallet, no money in their purse, only to wear sandals, and not put on two tunics," and that if whatever town rejects them they ought to shake the dust off their feet every bit they exit, a gesture which some scholars remember was meant equally a contemptuous threat.^{[7] [ full citation needed ]}

Afterward in the Gospel narratives the Twelve Apostles are described equally having been deputed to preach the Gospel to "all the nations,"^[8] regardless of whether Jew or Gentile.^[nine] Paul emphasized the of import role of the apostles in the church of God when he said that the household of God is "congenital upon the foundation of apostles and prophets, Christ Jesus himself being the cornerstone."^{[Ephesians 2:19–twenty]}

Calling past Jesus [edit]

The three Synoptic Gospels tape the circumstances in which some of the disciples were recruited, Matthew only describing the recruitment of Simon, Andrew, James, and John.

Despite Jesus merely briefly requesting that they join him, they are all described equally immediately consenting and abandoning their nets to practise so. The immediacy of their consent has been viewed as an example of divine power, although this is not stated in the text. The more ordinary explanation is that Jesus was friends with them beforehand, as implied by the Gospel of John, which states that Peter (Simon) and Andrew were disciples of John the Baptist, and started post-obit Jesus as soon as Jesus had been baptized.^[10]

Albright and Mann extrapolate from Simon and Andrew's abandonment of their nets that Matthew is emphasizing the importance of renunciation by converting to Christianity, since fishing was profitable, although required large start-upwards costs, and abandoning everything would have been an important sacrifice. Regardless, Simon and Andrew's abandonment of what were finer their virtually important worldly possessions has been taken as a model by later on Christian ascetics.^{[ citation needed ]}

Matthew describes Jesus meeting James and John, too fishermen and brothers, very shortly afterwards recruiting Simon and Andrew. Matthew and Marking identify James and John equally sons of Zebedee. Luke adds to Matthew and Mark that James and John worked equally a squad with Simon and Andrew. Matthew states that at the time of the encounter, James and John were repairing their nets, merely readily joined Jesus without hesitation.^[11]

This parallels the accounts of Mark and Luke, but Matthew implies that the men have likewise abandoned their male parent (since he is present in the boat they abandon behind them), and Carter feels this should be interpreted to hateful that Matthew's view of Jesus is one of a figure rejecting the traditional patriarchal structure of guild, where the begetter had command over his children; most scholars, withal, just interpret it to mean that Matthew intended these two to exist seen as even more than devoted than the other pair, or that Jesus expected the imminent coming of the kingdom.^[12]

The Synoptic Gospels go on to describe that later in Jesus' ministry he noticed a taxation collector in his booth. The tax collector, chosen Matthew in Matthew 9:9, Levi in Mark 2:fourteen and Luke five:27, is asked past Jesus to become one of his disciples. Matthew/Levi is stated to have accepted and so invited Jesus for a meal with his friends. Tax collectors were seen as villains in Jewish social club, and the Pharisees are described equally asking Jesus why he is having a meal with such disreputable people. The reply Jesus gave is now well known: "it is not the good for you who demand a physician, merely the sick. I take not come up to phone call the righteous, but sinners to repentance."^[13]

Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles [edit]

The commissioning of the Twelve Apostles is an episode in the ministry of Jesus that appears in the iii Synoptic Gospels. It relates the initial pick of the Twelve Apostles among the disciples of Jesus.^{[xiv] [15]}

In the Gospel of Matthew, this event takes place shortly before the miracle of the homo with a withered hand. In the gospels of Marker and of Luke, it appears shortly after that phenomenon.^[xvi]

Then Jesus summoned his twelve disciples and gave them authorisation over unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to cure every disease and every sickness. These are the names of the twelve apostles: first, Simon, besides known every bit Peter, and his blood brother Andrew; James son of Zebedee, and his blood brother John; Philip and Bartholomew; Thomas and Matthew the tax collector; James son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus; Simon the Cananaean, and Judas Iscariot, the one who betrayed him.

—Matthew 10:1–4^[17]

He went up the mountain and chosen to him those whom he wanted, and they came to him. And he appointed twelve, whom he too named apostles, to be with him, and to be sent out to proclaim the message, and to accept authority to cast out demons. And then he appointed the twelve:[b] Simon (to whom he gave the name Peter); James son of Zebedee and John the blood brother of James (to whom he gave the name Boanerges, that is, Sons of Thunder); and Andrew, and Philip, and Bartholomew, and Matthew, and Thomas, and James son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus, and Simon the Cananaean, and Judas Iscariot, who betrayed him.

—Marking three:13–19^[eighteen]

1 of those days Jesus went out to a mountainside to pray, and spent the nighttime praying to God. When morning came, he chosen his disciples to him and chose twelve of them, whom he also designated apostles: Simon (whom he named Peter), his brother Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James son of Alphaeus, Simon who was chosen the Zealot, Judas son of James, and Judas Iscariot, who became a traitor.

—Luke 6:12–16^[19]

Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament [edit]

Each of the iv listings of apostles in the New Attestation^[20] signal that all the apostles were men. The canonical gospels and the book of Acts give varying names of the Twelve Apostles. The list in the Gospel of Luke differs from Matthew and Mark on one point. It lists "Judas, the son of James" instead of "Thaddaeus".^[a]

Different the Synoptic Gospels, the Gospel of John does not offer a formal listing of apostles. Although information technology refers to "the Twelve",^[21] the gospel does non present any elaboration of who these twelve actually were, and the writer of the Gospel of John does not mention them all by name. There is also no separation of the terms "apostles" and "disciples" in John.

Gospel of Matthew[22]	Gospel of Marker[23]	Gospel of Luke[24]	Gospel of John	Acts of the Apostles[25]
Simon ("also known every bit Peter")	Simon ("to whom he gave the name Peter")	Simon ("whom he named Peter")	Simon Peter[26] Cephas "which is translated Peter"[27]	Peter
Andrew ("his [Peter's] brother")	Andrew	Andrew ("his [Peter'southward] brother")	Andrew ("Simon Peter's brother")	Andrew
James ("son of Zebedee")	James ("son of Zebedee") / one of the "Boanerges"	James	one of the "sons of Zebedee"	James
John ("his [James's] brother")	John ("brother of James") / 1 of the "Boanerges"	John	one of the "sons of Zebedee" / the "disciple whom Jesus loved" [b]	John
Philip	Philip	Philip	Philip	Philip
Bartholomew	Bartholomew	Bartholomew	Nathanael	Bartholomew
Thomas	Thomas	Thomas	Thomas ("also chosen Didymus")[28]	Thomas
Matthew ("the publican")	Matthew/Levi	Matthew/Levi	not mentioned	Matthew
James ("son of Alphaeus")	James ("son of Alphaeus")	James ("son of Alphaeus")	not mentioned	James ("son of Alphaeus")
Thaddaeus (or "Lebbaeus"); called "Judas the Zealot" in some translations[29]	Thaddaeus	Judas ("son of James, referred to as brother in some translations")	Judas ("not Iscariot")[30]	Judas ("son of James, referred to every bit blood brother in some translations")
Simon ("the Canaanite")	Simon ("the Cananaean")	Simon ("who was called the Zealot")	not mentioned	Simon ("the Zealot")
Judas Iscariot	Judas Iscariot	Judas Iscariot	Judas ("son of Simon Iscariot")[26]	(Judas replaced by Matthias)

Replacement of Judas Iscariot [edit]

Later on Judas betrayed Jesus (and and so in guilt committed suicide before Christ's resurrection, one Gospel recounts), the apostles numbered eleven. When Jesus had been taken upwards from them, in training for the coming of the Holy Spirit that he had promised them, Peter advised the brethren:

Judas, who was guide to those who took Jesus... For he was numbered with the states, and received his portion in this ministry... For it is written in the volume of Psalms, "Permit his habitation be fabricated desolate, Permit no one dwell therein", and, "Let another take his office"... So one of the men who take accompanied the states during all the time that the Lord Jesus went in and out among us, beginning from the baptism of John until the day he was taken upwardly from united states of america, must become with us a witness to his resurrection.

So, between the Ascension of Jesus and the day of Pentecost, the remaining apostles elected a twelfth apostle by casting lots, a traditional Israelite way to determine the will of God (meet Proverbs xvi:33). The lot vicious upon Matthias.

Paul the Apostle in his First Epistle to the Corinthians, appears to requite the showtime historical reference to the Twelve Apostles: "For I delivered to y'all as of start importance what I besides received: that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures, that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures, and that he appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve" (1 Cor 3–five).

Other apostles mentioned in the New Testament [edit]

Person chosen apostle	Where in Scripture	Notes
Barnabas	Acts 14:fourteen[31]	—
Andronicus and Junia	Romans sixteen:7[32]	Paul states that Andronicus and Junia were "of note among the apostles." This has been traditionally interpreted in ane of two ways: That Andronicus and Junia were "of note among the apostles," that is, distinguished apostles.[33] That Andronicus and Junia were "well known among the apostles" pregnant "well known to the apostles" If the first view is correct then Paul may be referring to a female apostle[34] [35] – the Greek name (Iounian) is in the accusative and could be either Junia (a adult female) or Junias (a man).[36] Later manuscripts add accents to brand information technology unambiguously Junias; however, while "Junia" was a mutual proper noun, "Junias" was non,[35] and both options are favored by dissimilar Bible translations. In the second view, it is believed that Paul is only making mention of the outstanding character of these two people which was best-selling past the apostles. Historically it has been well-nigh incommunicable to tell which of the two views were correct. The second view, in recent years, has been defended from a scholarly perspective past Daniel Wallace and Michael Burer.[37]
Silas	1 Thes. ane:ane, 2:6[38]	Referred to equally one along with Timothy and Paul, he also performs the functioning of an apostle equally Paul'south companion in Paul's 2d missionary journeying in Acts 15:twoscore[39]
Timothy	one Thes. 1:i, 2:half dozen[38]	Timothy is referred to every bit an apostle along with Silas and Paul. However, in ii Cor. 1:i,[xl] he is simply called a "brother" when Paul refers to himself as "an apostle of Christ". Timothy performs many of the functions of an apostle in the commissioning of Paul in first and second Timothy, though in those epistles Paul refers to him equally his "son" in the organized religion.
Apollos	one Cor. 4:9[41]	Included among "us apostles" along with Paul and Cephas (Peter).[42]

The seventy disciples [edit]

The "seventy disciples" or "seventy-two disciples" (known in the Eastern Christian traditions equally the "70 Apostles") were early emissaries of Jesus mentioned in the Gospel of Luke.^[43] Co-ordinate to Luke, the only gospel in which they announced, Jesus appointed them and sent them out in pairs on a specific mission which is detailed in the text.

In Western Christianity, they are unremarkably referred to as disciples,^[44] whereas in Eastern Christianity they are ordinarily referred to as Apostles.^[45] Using the original Greek words, both titles are descriptive, as an apostle is one sent on a mission (the Greek uses the verb form: apesteilen) whereas a disciple is a pupil, but the two traditions differ on the scope of the words apostle and disciple.

Paul, Campaigner of the Gentiles [edit]

Although not one of the apostles commissioned during the life of Jesus, Paul, a Jew named Saul of Tarsus, claimed a special committee from the mail-ascension Jesus as "the apostle of the Gentiles",^{[Romans 11:13]} to spread the gospel message after his conversion. In his writings, the epistles to Christian churches throughout the Levant, Paul did not restrict the term "campaigner" to the twelve, and oft refers to his mentor Barnabas every bit an campaigner.^[5]

In his writings, Paul, although not one of the original twelve, described himself equally an campaigner.^[2] He was called past the resurrected Jesus himself during his Road to Damascus effect. With Barnabas, he was allotted the role of apostle in the church.^{[Acts thirteen:2]}

Since Paul claimed to have received a gospel non from teachings of the Twelve Apostles but solely and directly through personal revelations from the post-rise Jesus,^[46] after Jesus's death and resurrection (rather than before like the twelve), Paul was oftentimes obliged to defend his churchly authority (1 Cor. 9:i "Am I not an apostle?") and proclaim that he had seen and was anointed by Jesus while on the road to Damascus.

Paul considered himself perhaps inferior to the other apostles because he had originally persecuted Christ's followers^{[1 Cor. xv:nine]} while thinking he was not in the to the lowest degree junior to those "super-apostles" and not lacking in "knowledge".^{[two Cor. 11:v–6]}

Paul referred to himself as the campaigner of the Gentiles. ^{[Rom eleven:xiii]} Co-ordinate to Paul's account in his Epistle to the Galatians, James, Peter and John in Jerusalem accepted the "grace" given to Paul and agreed that Paul and Barnabas should go to the Gentiles (specifically those not circumcised) and the three Apostles who "seemed to be pillars" to the circumcised.^{[Gal 2:7–9]} Despite the Fiddling Commission of Matthew 10, the Twelve Apostles did not limit their mission to solely Jews as Cornelius the Centurion is widely considered the outset Gentile convert and he was converted by Peter, and the Slap-up Committee of the resurrected Jesus is specifically to "all nations".

Equally the Catholic Encyclopedia states, "It is at once axiomatic that in a Christian sense, everyone who had received a mission from God, or Christ, to man could be called 'Campaigner'"; thus extending the original sense beyond the twelve.^[6]

Deaths [edit]

Relics of the Apostles in 2017, while they were in Utah during the Relic Tour^[47]

Of the Twelve Apostles to hold the championship after Matthias' choice, Christian tradition has mostly passed downwards that all of the Twelve Apostles except one were martyred, with only John surviving into old age.^[48] However, but the death of James, son of Zebedee is described in the New Attestation. (Acts 12:1–2)

Matthew 27:five says that Judas Iscariot threw the silver he received for betraying Jesus downwards in the Temple, then went and hanged himself. Acts 1:18 says that he purchased a field, so "falling headlong he flare-up open in the heart and all his bowels gushed out".

According to the 18th-century historian Edward Gibbon, early Christians (2d half of the second century and commencement half of the third century) believed that merely Peter, Paul, and James, son of Zebedee, were martyred.^[49] The residuum, or even all, of the claims of martyred apostles do not rely upon historical or biblical testify, merely only on later tradition.^{[fifty] [51]}

Relics and burial sites [edit]

The relics of the apostles are claimed by various churches, many in Italia.

• Andrew: buried in Cathedral of Saint Andrew, Patras, Greece^[52]
• Bartholomew: cached in the Basilica of Benevento, Italy, or Basilica of St. Bartholomew on the Island, Rome, Italy^[53]
• James the Great: buried in Santiago de Compostela Cathedral in Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Espana
• James, the son of Alpheus: buried in the Cathedral of St. James in Jerusalem or the Church of the Holy Apostles in Rome.^{[54] [55]}
• John: no relics. The opening of his tomb (in the Basilica of St. John, Ephesus) during Constantine the Peachy's reign yielded no bones, giving rise to the belief that his body was causeless into sky.^[56]
• Judas Iscariot: cached at Akeldama well-nigh Jerusalem (per the Gospel of Matthew and Acts of the Apostles).
• Jude Thaddeus: buried in St. Peter's Basilica under the St. Joseph altar with St. Simon; ii basic (relics) located at National Shrine of St. Jude in Chicago; other relics claimed by Rheims Cathedral and Toulouse Cathedral.^{[57] [58] [59]}
• Matthew: buried in the Salerno Cathedral, Italy.^[lx]
• Matthias: buried in the St. Matthias' Abbey in Trier, Germany.^[61]
• Paul: relics located in the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome; the skull located in the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, aslope the skull of St. Peter.^[62]
• Peter: cached in St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican Urban center, Rome, Italy; the skull located in the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, aslope the skull of St. Paul.^[62]
• Philip: buried in the Church building of the Holy Apostles in Rome or possibly Hierapolis, mod Turkey.^{[63] [55]}
• Simon: buried in St. Peter'due south Basilica in Rome under the St. Joseph altar with St. Jude.^[64]
• Thomas: buried in the San Thome Basilica in Chennai, Republic of india or in the Basilica of St. Thomas the Apostle in Ortona, Italy.^{[65] [66]}

Legacy [edit]

By the 2nd century AD, clan with the apostles was esteemed equally an evidence of authority. Churches that are believed to have been founded by one of the apostles are known as apostolic sees.^[5]

Paul's epistles were accepted as scripture, and two of the iv canonical gospels were associated with apostles, equally were other New Attestation works. Diverse Christian texts, such as the Didache and the Apostolic Constitutions, were attributed to the apostles.^[5] The Apostles' Creed, pop in the West, was alleged to have been composed by the apostles themselves.

Bishops traced their lines of succession back to individual apostles, who were said to have dispersed from Jerusalem and established churches across nifty territories. Christian bishops have traditionally claimed authority deriving, past churchly succession, from the Twelve Apostles.^[5]

Early Church Fathers who came to be associated with apostles – such as Pope Clement I with St. Peter – are referred to as the Apostolic Fathers.

Comparing with the Quran [edit]

The Quranic account of the disciples (Arabic: الحواريون al-ḥawāriyyūn) of Jesus does non include their names, numbers, or any detailed accounts of their lives. Muslim exegesis, however, more than-or-less agrees with the New Attestation list and says that the disciples included Peter, Philip, Thomas, Bartholomew, Matthew, Andrew, James, Jude, John and Simon the Zealot.^[67] Scholars generally draw a parallel with the disciples of Jesus and the companions of Muhammad, who followed Muhammad during his lifetime.^[68]

See also [edit]

• Campaigner (Latter Day Saints)
• Apostles' Fast
• Companions of the Prophet
• Council of Jerusalem
• Council of Twelve Apostles
• Equal-to-apostles
• Quorum of the Twelve
• Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church building)

Notes [edit]

1. ^ For more than data, encounter Jude the Apostle.
2. ^ This is a traditional conflation of John the Campaigner with John the Evangelist, currently disputed past many textual scholars.

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ ""Campaigner", Britannica.com". Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
2. ^ ^{a b} Romans 1:1
3. ^ Romans eleven:xiii
4. ^ Acts 13:two, Acts 9:4–9
5. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Apostle." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 0-19-280290-9.
6. ^ ^{a b c} "Catholic Encyclopedia: Apostles". Archived from the original on 23 Jan 2018. Retrieved seven January 2005.
7. ^ Miller 26
8. ^ Mt 28:19, Mk xiii:10, and 16:15
9. ^ Cf. also Acts 15:one–31, Galatians two:vii–9, Acts ane:4–8, and Acts 10:1–xi:18.
10. ^ Jn 1:xl–42
11. ^ Mt four:21
12. ^ Meier, John P. (1994). Marginal Jew, Two . Doubleday. ISBN978-0385469920.
13. ^ Marker 2:17.
14. ^ Riley, Harold. 1992. The First Gospel. ISBN 0-86554-409-3. p. 47.
15. ^ Mills, Watson East., and Roger Aubrey Bullard. 1998. Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. ISBN 0-86554-373-nine. p. 48
16. ^ Strauss, David Friedrich. 1860. The Life of Jesus. Published by Calvin Blanchard. p. 340.
17. ^ Matthew 10:ane–iv
18. ^ Mark 3:thirteen–19
19. ^ Luke 6:12–16
20. ^ Marker 3:13–19, Matthew x:ane–4, Luke 6:12–16, and Acts 1:13
21. ^ John six:67–71
22. ^ Matt ten:1–four
23. ^ Mark 3:13–nineteen
24. ^ Luke 6:12–16
25. ^ Acts one:13
26. ^ ^{a b} John 6:67–71
27. ^ John 1:42
28. ^ John 11:16 John 20:24 John 21:2
29. ^ Bruce M. Metzger. A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, Revised edition, Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2005 ISBN 978-1598561647, p. 21.
30. ^ John 14:22
31. ^ Acts 14:fourteen
32. ^ Rom 16:7
33. ^ May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977.
34. ^ Crossan, J. D. and Reed, J. L., In Search of Paul, Harper San Francisco (2004), pp. 115–xvi. ISBN 978-0-06-051457-0.
35. ^ ^{a b} Ehrman, Bart. Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend. Oxford Academy Press, US. 2006. ISBN 978-0-19-530013-0.
36. ^ CBMW "A Female Apostle?" Archived 21 Oct 2017 at the Wayback Automobile, 26 June 2007
37. ^ See Daniel B. Wallace and Michael H. Burer, "Was Junia Really an Campaigner?" NTS 47 (2001): 76–91.
38. ^ ^{a b} one Thes. 1:one, 2:6
39. ^ Acts xv:40ff.
40. ^ 2 Cor. i:1
41. ^ i Cor. 4:9
42. ^ see also: 4:half-dozen, three:22, and 3:4–6
43. ^ Luke 10:i–24
44. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Disciple Archived 24 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine: "The disciples, in this disciples, in this context, are non the crowds of believers who flocked around Christ, but a smaller trunk of His followers. They are ordinarily identified with the 70-two (70, according to the received Greek text, although several Greek manuscripts mention 70-two, equally does the Vulgate) referred to (Luke 10:1) as having been chosen past Jesus. The names of these disciples are given in several lists (Chronicon Paschale, and Pseudo-Dorotheus in Migne, P.Thousand., XCII, 521–24; 543–45; 1061–65); but these lists are unfortunately worthless."
45. ^ "Synaxis of the 70 Apostles". oca.org. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved eighteen January 2018.
46. ^ cf. Gal ane:12; Acts ix:3–nineteen, 9:26–27, 22:6–21, 26:12–23
47. ^ "Relics of the Passion". www.relictour.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
48. ^ Mark A. Lamport (ane June 2018). Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global S. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 27. ISBN978-i-4422-7157-ix.
49. ^ Gibbon, Edward (1826). "Chapter Xvi. The Conduct of the Roman Government toward the Christians, from the Reign of Nero to that of Constantine". The history of the decline and fall of the Roman empire. Vol. II. New York: J. & J. Harper for Collins & Hanney. p. 20. 27. In the time of Tertullian and Clemens of Alexandria the glory of martyrdom was bars to St. Peter, St. Paul and St. James. Information technology was gradually bestowed on the residuum of the apostles past the more recent Greeks, who prudently selected for the theatre of their preaching and sufferings some remote country across the limits of the Roman empire. See Mosheim, p. 81. and Tillemont, Memoires Ecclesiastiques, tom. i. office 3.
50. ^ "Were the Disciples Martyred for Believing the Resurrection? A Nail From the Past". The Bart Ehrman Blog. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
51. ^ Wills, Garry (10 March 2015). The Future of the Catholic Church building with Pope Francis. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 49. ISBN978-0-698-15765-i. (Candida Moss marshals the historical evidence to evidence that "we simply don't know how any of the apostles died, much less whether they were martyred.")⁶ Citing Moss, Candida (5 March 2013). The Myth of Persecution: How Early Christians Invented a Story of Martyrdom. HarperCollins. p. 136. ISBN978-0-06-210454-0.
52. ^ H, Patti. "Patras, Greece: The Basilica of Saint Andrew the Apostle".
53. ^ "Crux". Cruxnow.com. Retrieved 21 Feb 2022.
54. ^ "Jerusalem's Saint James Cathedral". 13 April 2021.
55. ^ ^{a b} Rasmussen, Kaare Lund; van der Plicht, Johannes; La Nasa, Jacopo; Ribechini, Erika; Colombini, Maria Perla; Delbey, Thomas; Skytte, Lilian; Schiavone, Simone; Kjær, Ulla; Grinder-Hansen, Poul; Lanzillotta, Lautaro Roig (29 Jan 2021). "Investigations of the relics and altar materials relating to the apostles St James and St Philip at the Basilica dei Santi XII Apostoli in Rome". Heritage Science. 9 (1): xiv. doi:10.1186/s40494-021-00481-ix. S2CID 231727909 – via BioMed Central.
56. ^ "The Biblical Archaeologist". American Schools of Oriental Research. 7 March 1974 – via Google Books.
57. ^ "St. Jude Thaddeus and St. Simon the Zealot, Apostles". Catholic News Bureau.
58. ^ "What is a relic? | The National Shrine of Saint Jude". 3 November 2018.
59. ^ "Region #3: St Peter's Basilica".
60. ^ "Salerno Cathedral and the Tomb of St. Matthew - Pilgrim-info.com". www.pilgrim-info.com.
61. ^ "St Matthias Abbey – Trier". History Hit.
62. ^ ^{a b} Cuming, H. Syer (December 1870). "Notes on a grouping of reliquaries". Journal of the British Archaeological Association.
63. ^ "Tomb of the Apostle St.Philip in Hierapolis (Asia Pocket-size, Turkey)". www.hierapolis-info.ru.
64. ^ "Sts Simon and Jude".
65. ^ "115 Relics of Apostles & Saints".
66. ^ "Relics of the Apostle St. Thomas". Atlas Obscura.
67. ^ Wheeler, A–Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Disciples of Jesus, p. 86
68. ^ Wheeler, A–Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Disciples of Jesus, p. 86.

Sources [edit]

• Boring, M. Eugene (2006). Marking: A Commentary. Presbyterian Publishing Corp. ISBN978-0-664-22107-two.
• Burkett, Delbert (2002). An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-00720-7. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 9 Feb 2019.
• Harrington, Daniel J. (1991). The Gospel of Matthew. Liturgical Press. ISBN978-0814658031.
• Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford University Printing. ISBN978-0195182491.
• Harris, Stephen 50. (2006). Agreement the Bible (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN978-0-07-296548-3. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
• Nolland, John (2005). The Gospel of Matthew: A Commentary on the Greek Text. Eerdmans.
• Perkins, Pheme (1998). "The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: Telling the Christian Story". In Barton, John (ed.). The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN978-0-521-48593-7.
• Perkins, Pheme (2009). Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels. Eerdmans. ISBN978-0-8028-6553-3.
• Cherry, Mitchell (2011). An Introduction to The Gospels. Abingdon Printing. ISBN978-1426750083.
• Sanders, Due east.P. (1995). The Historical Effigy of Jesus. Penguin U.k.. ISBN978-0141928227.
• Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1998) [1996]. The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Translated by Bowden, John. Eerdmans.

Further reading [edit]

• The Navarre Bible. (RSV, Cosmic Edition), Dublin: Iv Courts Press, 1999.
• Albright, W.F. and C.Due south. Isle of man. "Matthew." The Anchor Bible Serial. New York: Doubleday & Visitor, 1971.
• Pope Benedict XVI, The Apostles. Total title is The Origins of the Church – The Apostles and Their Co-Workers. published 2007, in the US: ISBN 978-1-59276-405-1; different edition published in the Uk nether the championship: Christ and His Church – Seeing the face up of Jesus in the Church of the Apostles, ISBN 978-ane-86082-441-8.
• Carson, D.A. "The Limits of Functional Equivalence in Bible Translation – and other Limits Also." in The Challenge of Bible Translation: Communicating God'southward Word to the World. edited by Glen 1000 Scorgie, Mark L. Strauss, Steven M. Voth.
• Carter, Warren. "Matthew 4:18–22 and Matthean Discipleship: An Audience-Oriented Perspective." Catholic Bible Quarterly. Vol. 59. No. one. 1997.
• Clarke, Howard West. The Gospel of Matthew and its Readers: A Historical Introduction to the First Gospel. Bloomington: Indiana University Printing, 2003.
• "Fishers of Men." A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English language Literature. David Lyle Jeffrey, full general editor. Chiliad Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans, 1992.
• French republic, R.T. The Gospel According to Matthew: an Introduction and Commentary. Leicester: Inter-Varsity, 1985.
• Karrer, Martin. "Campaigner, Apostolate." In The Encyclopedia of Christianity, edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, 107–08. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999. ISBN 0-8028-2413-vii
• Mack, Burton L., The Lost Gospel – The Book of Q & Christian Origins. HarperCollins 1994.
• Manek, Jindrich. "Fishers of Men." Novum Testamentum. 1958 p. 138
• Schweizer, Eduard. The Good News Co-ordinate to Matthew. Atlanta: John Knox Printing, 1975.
• Wuellner, Wilhelm H. The Significant of "Fishers of Men". Westminster Printing, 1967.

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apostles.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Apostles

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Apostles

• Campaigner article from Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Cognition
• Texts on Wikisource:
  • "Campaigner". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
  • "Apostle". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 196–99.
  • "Apostles". The New Student's Reference Piece of work. 1914.
  • Coppieters, Honoré-Joseph (1913). "Apostles". Cosmic Encyclopedia.
  • "Apostle". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
  • "Apostle". Easton's Bible Dictionary. 1897.
• Liddell & Scott
• Strong'southward G652
• Apostle and Apostleship article from Jewish Encyclopedia
• The Twelve Apostles The Biographies of The Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, the son of God.
• Apostles.com Biographies of Christ'due south Apostles
• Bandage Your Nets: Fishing at the Time of Jesus
• The Line-fishing Economy in Galilee
• The Twelve Apostles an Eastern Orthodox perspective past Rev. George Mastrantonis
• Apostle article from OrthodoxWiki
• Christian History: The Twelve Apostles
• Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
• "The Twelve Apostles" at the Christian Iconography website

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament

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